Solar unlimited: How to use inverters to get past export limits

One Step Off The Grid

Modern inverters, such as those made by Fronius, SMA, Enphase and Solar Edge, now have an excellent new feature that allows you to throttle back your grid exports to a pre-set limit (i.e. 5kW or 10kW) or whatever your local grid export limit is.

This allows you to have a very large, grid connected, PV array and still match grid export limits set by inflexible grid operators or the somewhat conservative CEC, who would rather set export limits than innovate to allow households to export large amounts of solar power to their neighbours.

Many solar panel system owners are becoming more and more ambitious about what they want from their PV system, somewhat like car owners ‘hotting up’ or ‘super charging’ their car engines to boost performance.

Instead of turbo charging an engine, solar panel owners are now installing 10kW + PV arrays and over-sizing their inverters, that is, putting in a PV array larger than the inverter’s nameplate capacity i.e. installing a 13.3 kW PV array on a 10kW inverter.

It is important to note that over sizing your PV array will not damage the inverter as these systems have been designed to handle this just about since solar year dot (your inverter has voltage and current limits that will allow for PV array over-sizing).

The worst that will happen is that in the middle of a very cold sunny day, when all your panels have been freshly cleaned, your 13.3 kW of DC power potential will only result in 10kW of deliverable AC power, that is, your power output will be effectively ‘clipped’ at 10kW when it could have otherwise done say 12kW. (Explanations elsewhere for why you almost never get the rated output out of a solar panel, which is normal).

Over-sizing of inverters is becoming more commonly accepted; to achieve a subsidy the CEC allows a ratio of 133 per cent over-sizing. This is not at all the best ratio. The economic sweet spot, in-terms of return on investment (ROI), is somewhere between 150 per cent and 200 per cent over-sizing.

But, for now, the CEC (in its infinite wisdom) has decided that inverters must be oversized by no more than 133 per cent if a solar system owner wants to receive STCs.

Another rule constraining solar system owners from installing a PV system that suits their needs is, of course, the grid export limit. A grid export limit effectively puts a cap on the size of PV system that can be installed (and connected to the grid).

Their logic goes that it is too expensive to upgrade the power network to allow PV system owners to install systems beyond a certain size, as the current network can’t cope. Funny how this logic never applies to the large-scale generators or the gas network, or their ability to supply voracious users with bigger connections. But that is another story.

Export-limited_4.6kW_cool_day_springtime

Enter Grid Export Limiting Inverters

As previously mentioned, a great new feature of inverters – in particular inverters from Fronius, Enphase and Solaredge – is grid limiting.

This feature causes an inverter to throttle back to a pre-set export limit to match the grid operator’s feed-in limits, neatly getting around the grid export limiting rule (where a grid operator accepts and respects this capability) and thus removing the effective limit on the size of PV arrays that can be installed.

A common example of grid export limiting today is customers that opt for 10kW solar systems but are in grid areas with a 5kW limit such as Ausnet, Citipower or Powercor in Victoria, SAPN in SA or on Endeavour or Essential in NSW.

A self-consumption meter is installed (each manufacturer has its own one) that checks the total power in and out of the site and then gives that feedback to the inverter it is controlling.

If the total power at the site approaches the grid limit then the inverter shifts the panels attached to it on its MPPT’s to a less efficient spot, reducing the output to the grid.

At 5kW export limit a 10kW panel system will lose 0% of annual production if there is a decent amount of on-site self-consumption, which is the case in many homes. In other homes you’re looking at more like a 1-6 per cent annual production reduction.

In a worst-case scenario, where everything is turned off all year round at a home (an unlikely scenario), then grid export limiting at 5kW with 10kW panels would result in about 12 or 13 per cent energy production reduction (based on Melbourne).

In the average case of, say, 5 per cent losses your $1/Watt system becomes a $1.05/Watt system – still seriously cheap solar at twice the size and bonus it allows you to install a $0.90/Watt system (as you’re delving into economies of scale so actually now you’ve got 94c/Watt solar with the fastest payback possible and you couldn’t get that before.)

The final very cool thing about grid export limiting is that if you have an existing inverter that’s incompatible with grid export limiting and it’s already at your export limit (i.e a 5kW growatt or samil or previous generation Fronius or SMA), you can add a 5kW Solaredge or Fronius and a smart meter and the whole system (including your old meter) will still grid export limit to 5kW.

During a potential high production time, when you’ve got no self-consumption (rare event), the Fronius or Solaredge will throttle down as low as zero to keep you within the grid export limit.

In the case of Solaredge, self consumption monitoring is not even effected as you can install 2x Solaredge self consumption meters and you will get accurate readings in the online web monitoring portal for each of your inverters (your Solaredge and your legacy inverter) as well as your own self consumption, gross imports and gross exports.

This is a great leap forward. And if grid operators thought they were going to halt the rise in rooftop solar, they are in for a shock. They have seriously underestimated the ingenuity of inverter companies.

Matthew Wright is executive director of Beyond The Grid P/L and Pure Electric – Power to be free
This article was originally published on RenewEconomy’s sister site, One Step Off The Grid, which focuses on customer experience with distributed generation. To sign up to One Step’s free weekly newsletter, please click here.

Comments

19 responses to “Solar unlimited: How to use inverters to get past export limits”

  1. Ray Miller Avatar
    Ray Miller

    I’m a little surprised that all the distribution companies have not been at the forefront of encouraging the over-sizing of PV arrays to inverters. My reasoning is one of more consistent/constant output or variations in output power are reduced. Put another way the dynamic output power variations of the PV systems can be considerably reduced. So for the local substation the voltage variations are reduced. Then if the customer has a north and west array which matches more closely the behind the meter load profile not to mention the NEM profiles in most areas further benefits are gained for all parties.

    In Queensland a number of businesses are on a maximum demand tariff with the maximum VA determining a proportion of the bill, the same controllable inverters are also capable of having their power factor managed to reduce the business’s power factor saving VA’s and $’s.
    We generally need to get over the us and them attitude and work to gain the maximum benefits of all, otherwise more customers will leave the ‘Grid’.

    1. MaxG Avatar
      MaxG

      They still ‘hate’ solar based on my observation that I constantly fight against the 255+ Volt on the grid…

      1. Ray Miller Avatar
        Ray Miller

        Yes mine is frequently high especially in non solar time. Research around the country also indicates the problem is wide spread and none solar related. The distribution companies are extremely poor managers fail on many occasions to balance phases and have only extremely crude methods of controlling voltage (or at least the customer experience shows this).
        Grid 2.0 really needs new thought and talent processes in the engineering world, Australia it seems is very much a back-water, excepting in SA where there is a glimmer of hope with buckets of cold water from on high.

  2. Chris Fraser Avatar
    Chris Fraser

    I’m also reading into it that if I have a (high capacity) battery with unlimited kW integral inverter/charger output I can add one of the limiting inverter devices between the battery and the grid and set it at the limits prescribed by the DNSP. It’s innovative – but do the DNSPs recognise such things ?The network could also install step-change transformers in the distribution system to account for the added rooftop PV … but I guess they would never volunteer to construct these just to let rooftop solar have free rein …

    1. brucelee Avatar
      brucelee

      As in oversize the battery and PV to export 5kW 24hrs/day?

      1. Chris Fraser Avatar
        Chris Fraser

        Probably not as a household small generator battery owner, that wouldn’t be economic. Rather as an occasional peaking solar + battery feed-in.

  3. MaxG Avatar
    MaxG

    Mind you, Selectronic inverters could do this before the others could, and for years… I am on a 5kW/h export limit, nicely managed b my Selectronic SP PRO GO.
    How it works? Marvellously; see here… https://www.pvoutput.org/list.jsp?id=11239

    1. Kevfromspace Avatar
      Kevfromspace

      Max I think you mean 5kW

      1. MaxG Avatar
        MaxG

        You’re right 🙂

  4. MaxG Avatar
    MaxG

    Actually, I am peeved off about the bad research, by not including an AU flagship product manufacturer situated in Melbourne: SELECTRONIC

  5. MaxG Avatar
    MaxG

    Like so:
    https://uploads.disquscdn.com/images/b2e15a2a5cf1a156470aaf0251eba534c8a0d3c5e5fa5609721c85f5615ed677.jpg

    Thought I add some data: 2 x 6kWhp in panels, 2 x 5kWhp invererts; managed by a Selectronic PRO GO with a 20kWh LiFePO4 battery; export limited to 5kW/h.
    Blue line is Export… sits flat on 5kW/h and if consumption (red) goes up, the inverers (green) kick in.

    1. brucelee Avatar
      brucelee

      Great system name Max!

    2. Roderick Williams Avatar
      Roderick Williams

      If you paid by the amount you export then you could increase this by charging the battery more slowly and saturating the export link from 9am.

      1. MaxG Avatar
        MaxG

        Thanks, I am aware of it, but not greedy 🙂
        My prime concern is getting the battery full as quickly as possible… and after that I do not care 🙂

        1. Roderick Williams Avatar
          Roderick Williams

          I thought that was your approach and it should work even in the winter. Even so if it is a simple config change I wouldn’t want to loose the profit from exporting ~7 kWh more a day.

          1. wideEyedPupil Avatar
            wideEyedPupil

            7 kWh/day x 365 days x 12 cents/kWh = $306 each year towards a new battery when the price performance of batteries has sailed down the learning curve 🙂

    3. Ray Miller Avatar
      Ray Miller

      Max, my point exactly, the quality and consistency of energy delivered and peak avoidance to the grid is further improved with battery storage and large PV systems. Whats not to like? But as you pointed out the grid quality is poor but is also a result of a range of poor inefficient appliances in below average buildings.

  6. nakedChimp Avatar
    nakedChimp

    5kWp arrays on the roofs around here might work.. 10kWp is pushing it.. anything above will need very creative solar installers and a change of the rules.
    And people still build houses with completely hacked roofs, for setbacks of like 20 cm in a wall of the house – morons.

  7. Travis Lochert Avatar
    Travis Lochert

    I’m looking at adding more panels and interested in how you would do the math on the ROI of oversizing: “in-terms of return on investment (ROI), is somewhere between 150 per cent and 200 per cent over-sizing”

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