We expect wind & solar PV supply to represent at least 15 per cent of National Electricity Market demand by 2019 based on committed supply announcements. Even more remarkably, it looks like wind and solar will account for 64 per cent of demand in South Australia – an unparalleled percentage anywhere in the world.
Figure 1 below summarises the data we have put together.
We expect more and perhaps significantly more supply announcements over the next 12 months. Specifically, even at Origin Energy’s glacial pace, we expect Stockyard Hill wind (500MW) and Darling Downs solar PV (100MW) to be confirmed.
There is over 6 GW of planned utility scale solar PV in NSW alone, most of which can be developed quickly if developers want to.
Also, these developments are in front of the Victorian and Queensland reverse auction processes. Some of the development though could be bid into those auctions.
It’s the subject of a separate note, but we think that the way in which Victoria will invite bids for electricity supply in the name of the Crown, but passed on to retailers, is an important, unresolved issue. However it’s done it will likely result in more supply than shown in the above table.
The figure shows that the small South Australian market is likely to get to roughly 2/3 wind & solar PV supply – surely the highest penetration rate in the world for a proper grid. That will surely require good transmission connections – and storage – to deal with the fluctations in wind output. It will also require careful management.
One of the main messages that SHOULD emerge from the supply build up is that the AEMC and AEMO need to get their act together in regard to transmission investment. The existing regulatory investment test and the time it takes are inappropriate in the new NEM.
The new supply numbers, although an indication that perhaps prices and policy do work after all is still a modest number. Even in 201o we will still be below where Europe, Texas and California are today. But we are catching up.
Demand is the 12 months to April 5, 2017 total as reported in NEM Review + rooftop PV and grown by 1%. Supply in terms of annual energy delivered is built up from the MW tables shown below multiplied by ITK’s estimated capacity factors.
LCOE now in the mid $60- $70s MWh for as available power
ARENA reported at this week’s INFORMA/RE large scale solar conference that they estimated single axis tracking PV to have an LCOE (required electricity price over life of project to recover all costs) in the mid $70s MWh.
The Silverton wind farm, partly financed by QIC, one of Australia’s largest and most experienced infrastructure financiers, has a relatively short term PPA price of $65 MWh real (increases with inflation).
These prices are now broadly comparable with those in the USA where wind PPAs are routinely reported at around US$40 = A$60 MWh (US $20 MWh paid by the customer and US $20 MWh of production tax credit paid by US Federal Govt).
The reverse auction process of the Victorian and QLD Govts has the potential to produce even lower LCOEs because of the longer term PPAs and the excellent credit quality of the State Govt. However this may be partly offset by the fact that supply has to come from within the relevant State reducing competition.
Price discovery required for power firming
The missing link in seeing much greater expansion of wind and PV is a better understanding of the price required to make that power “on demand” rather than as generated. The LCOE of wind and PV is not the full cost of delivering dispatchable power. We don’t yet know what that dispatchable price is. But we are going to find out.
In the industry this is known as “firming” the supply. We are about to go through a process of technology and price discovery to work out the most economic way to firm up over all supply.
Diversity will only be of modest help to PV (PV will always be a middle of the day producer), but of much greater assistance to wind (wind in NSW won’t always blow at the same time as in South Australia).
Other candidates for firming include gas, hydro, pumped storage hydro, solar thermal and batteries. Batteries have one key advantage over all other technologies in that they can be distributed. If we had proper policy and analysis in Australia we could properly allow for the savings of distributed power.
In addition demand management and flexible coal can also assist. Its worth remembering that demand for electricity has always varied widely over the day and the existing thermal fleet manages this without complaint.
12 GW of wind & PV
Its interesting that each of the States has a similar amount of combined wind & PV MW although of course in terms of the significance of that to the overall market it matters far more to South Australia.
7.4 GW PV
Note that we have assumed all the utility PV is single axis tracking but that is not universally the case. As compared to our previously published estimates we have found following this week’s conference another 220 MW of PV in Qld (4 separate projects) that is definitely going ahead.
5.4 GW Wind
The wind numbers are straightforward.
Firming supply can be measured on several criteria
Although LCOE is an important driver of pumped hydro, peaking gas, batteries and thermal PV its not the only important factor. Other things to consider are speed to market and response time.
If we look at QLD and South Australia we see that over the past year average spot prices over the day have been quite similar despite remarkable differences in the composition of supply.
The days of $20 MWh overnight prices have gone for the time been.
Despite the similarity in average prices the volatility in South Australia is far higher. The following chart shows the coefficient of variation (Std deviation/mean) of spot prices is far higher in South Australia particularly outside of peak hours. This reflects wind supply and smaller quantity of average demand in South Australia. Never the less even in QLD the price at peak time of day is unpredictable with the standard deviation 4X the average.
This data suggests that prices in South Australia are unpredictable without knowledge of say wind data. There is therefore likely to be a premium for fast start plant and this is where batteries may come into their own. Certainly we think that new technology plant needs to be able to respond faster than gas if its to capture sudden shifts in price. This doesn’t just mean fast start it also means fast stop.
How big are the hourly price swings?
We looked at the absolute half hourly price change in South Australia and Queensland over the past year. 90% of the time the half hourly price change is less than $50 MWh (up or down)
Looked at in this way there is less difference between the States about 2% of the time you can expect a half hourly price change of over $300 MWh. Qld had 132 half hours with a price change from the previous half hour greater than $1000 MWh and South Australia 148. Being fast enough to capture those movements will be important to generators providing firming capacity. Essentially you need to be faster than gas right now. If the half hourly settlement is changed to 5 minute settlement we might see some movement in these numbers. But it will take a bigger spreadsheet.
David Leitch is principal of ITK. He was formerly a Utility Analyst for leading investment banks over the past 30 years. The views expressed are his own. Please note our new section, Energy Markets, which will include analysis from Leitch on the energy markets and broader energy issues. And also note our live generation widget, and the APVI solar contribution.
